Discuss the arguments for and against the use of toluidine blue Essay

Discuss the arguments for and against the use of toluidine blue staining as a screening method for oral cancer in dental practic - Essay Example This paper elucidates on the arguments for and against the use of toluidine in screening for oral cancer. The use of toluidine blue in uterine and oral cancer screening was pioneered by Richart in 1962. A 1% aqueous solution of toluidine blue is painted over the target area for ten seconds followed by a rinse of 1% solution of acetic acid. The toluidine blue binds to the DNA on surface cells, causing the surface to take on a bluish hue. The amount of DNA material present may be used as an indication of suspected dysplasia or neoplasia (Richart 1962). 2.0. Arguments for toluidine screening Jones and Rankin (2008) consider toluidine blue staining as a diagnostic aid for the dental professional in the evaluation of the possible malignancy of oral lesions. The potency of staining with toluidine blue has been likened to that of brush biopsy in terms of early detection, speeding up of biopsy and subsequent diagnosis of oral cancer. Application of aqueous toluidine blue to a lesion followed by a rinsing of 1% acetic acid results in selective binding with dysplastic and malignant cells accurately. The blue stain also marks a good site to extract for biopsy. Extreme care should, however, be practiced to ensure that the dye is neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic for best results. Patton, Epstein and Kerr (2008) performed a systematic review of literature related to several adjunctive techniques used in the early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions or OPML, such as toluidine blue. A total of 23 articles were reviewed wherein the majority focused on the use of toluidine blue. Results of the review revealed the effectiveness of toluidine blue in diagnosing oral premalignant and malignant lesions in high-risk populations and suspected mucosal lesions. However, clinicians are advised not rely much on diagnostic adjuncts alone. A complete oral mucosal examination is recommended together with specialty referrals or tissue biopsy to correctly diagnose OPML. Epste in, Silverman, Epstein, Lonky and Bride (2008) evaluated the effects of ViziLite, a chemiluminiscent light source in conjunction with toluidine blue in the process of verifying lesions identified by oral soft tissue examinations. Lesion assessment by chemiluminiscense combined with toluidine blue staining was compared with conventional visual examination. Subsequently, the suspected lesions were subjected to biopsy and diagnosed through conventional histopathological methods. Moreover, toluidine staining was performed on lesions related to severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and squamous cell carcinoma. Results of the assessment show an improvement in the brightness and sharpness of margin in 60 out of 97 identified lesions that underwent the chemiluminiscent exam. Meanwhile, toluidine staining exhibited a false positive rate of 55.26% while maintaining a 100% negative predictive value (Epstein, Silverman, Epstein, Lonky and Bride 2008). Fedele (2009) described toluidine blue as an indispensable tool in identifying the area damaged by a malignant lesion due to its ability to stain nucleic acids. This effect makes it easier to remove malignant lesions since toluidin blue clearly marks the boundaries of the lesion, thus allowing precise excision. Recent studies on the use of toluidine blue were rather limited due to the dearth of research efforts in relation to randomized controlled trials, histological diagnosis

Plato's design systems that reduce the apparent irregularities in the Essay - 2

Plato's design systems that reduce the apparent irregularities in the motions of the planets to regular motions in perfectly regular cicles - Essay Example But it is very difficult to let go of traditional beliefs and very often people cannot recognize anything that is not correct scientifically or morally. â€Å"In The Sleepwalkers, Koestler traced what he thought to be the mainstream of the development of science through exquisitely researched and written biographies of some of sciences leading figures.† (Adler) Plato writes in his book ‘Republic’ that stars form a section of the ‘visible world’ which it not real or actual world. While being very beautiful they are a ‘copy of the real world’. For Plato real world is the ‘world of ideas’. He would rather study the stars in abstract than find about their rotation and revolution. Only by paying full attention to the intellectual can we in actual understand and capture the essence of astronomy. Plato was a very prominent scientist till the last years of twelfth century. But he lost to Aristotle for two hundred years. Plato did make a comeback but both these scientists complemented each other. For Plato change goes hand in hand with deterioration and he describes the creation as â€Å" story of the successiveemergence ofeven lower and less worth forms of life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ the ladder which he climbs down starts from god to ‘the world of reality’ which is made up of ‘perfect form and ideas’. Then comes ‘the world of appearance’ that is a pale reproduction of the real world. Plato believes in the philosophy of decline and devolution rather than that of growth by ascent. To judge whether Platois sarcastic or is to be believed word for word or symbolically is very difficult. Plato hated change and looked down upon the idea of evolution and changeability. The middle ages echoed this along with its simultaneous desire for everlasting and unchanging flawlessness. The author is very critical of Plato and his view seems like a tunnel vision phenomena, but he feels that this is ‘what he came to mean to a long row of future generations- the one sided

Georgia & Southwestern Asia Essay Example for Free

Georgia Southwestern Asia Essay Georgia is located in Southwestern Asia. It borders the Black Sea between Turkey and Russia. It is slightly smaller than South Carolina in size and has a population of 4,630,841 people. It enjoys a warm and pleasant climate and has a largely mountainous terrain. The primary religion of Georgia is Orthodox Christian. Smaller groups practice the Muslim and Armenian-Gregorian religions. Georgia operates under a republic type of government with its capital being located in T’bilisi. It gained independence from the Soviet Union on April 9, 1991. Georgias economy has sustained robust GDP growth of close to 10% in 2006 and 12% in 2007, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. The citizens of Georgia rely on citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables and livestock for food. They also rely on steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine for industrial work (The World Factbook, 1). Tunisia is located in Northern Africa and borders the Mediterranean Sea between Algeria and Libya. It is slightly larger than Georgia in size making the size of these two countries relatively similar. It also has a much larger population of 10,383, 577. Tunisia also has some mountainous terrain but it also plains in the central part of the country and a semi arid south that merges into the Sahara desert. As a result, Tunisia has a much different climate than Georgia with rainy winters and hot dry summers. In direct contrast to Georgia, ninety-eight percent of Tunisia’s population practices the Muslim religion while only a very small number practice the Christian religion. Tunisia also operates under a republic style of government with their capital located in Tunis. It gained independence much earlier than Georgia did on March 20, 1956 from France. Real growth, which averaged almost 5% over the past decade, reached 6. 3% in 2007 because of development in non-textile manufacturing, a recovery in agricultural production, and strong growth in the services sector so Tunisia also witnessed growth but not as much as Georgia. The citizens of Tunisia rely on olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds; beef, dairy products for food. They also rely on petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages for industrial work. The two countries grow different types of food and work in different industries but both countries rely on these resources for survival (The World Factbook, 1). The World Factbook. (2008). Georgia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on November 3, 2008 from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg. html. The World Factbook. (2008). Tunisia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on November 3, 2008 from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-fa

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Brian McGrath Mr. Miller Accelerated US History I 25 February 2014 In the early part of the 18th century, the British government implemented salutary neglect toward its colonies with limited engagement in economic and political affairs. From across the Atlantic, Britain enacted protocols such the Navigation Laws and the Molasses Act, but enforcement of such trade regulation was minimal. The colonists and British existed in symbiosis. The colonists benefited from a relationship without great limitations and displayed a friendly and appreciative attitude toward the British; the British held the colonists on a long leash and reaped the benefits of the fertile and productive land offered by the New World. However, the French and Indian War drastically altered this mother-daughter relationship, significantly changing the ideological, political, and economic association between Great Britain and its American colonies. When the British saw the necessity for imperial control, colonists were repulsed by the unexpected disrespect they received. The aftermath of the war revealed British politi...

John Steinbeck Essay

Of Mice and Men (to now be referred to as M+M) is full of human suffering for a number of reasons. The foremost is that Steinbeck wants to paint a picture of the real life for men, and women, working in the unstable environment that was 1930s America. His book, although it is fiction, is based upon the reality of ranch life during the Great Depression. As Steinbeck released M+M in 1937, he would have had ample fact to base the novella upon truths. The book centres on the real tragedies of real men and the dream that was fantasised about and yet rarely achieved. By using reality as a base for his novella, Steinbeck allows the reader to empathise with the harshness and fear that is represented by ranch life. Although some parts of the book seem as though the characters have been through unbelievable scenarios, we must remember that to create the feeling of real human suffering, Steinbeck used a microcosm of all ranch workers. This is so we can see the full extent to which ranch life, the Dust Bowl and 1930s America, actually affected the masses. A main aspect of this suffering is the loneliness which all of the characters, bar George and Lennie, experience. In M+M Steinbeck has a small, yet effective, cast of characters, all of whom embody suffering in one way or another. The main characters are George and Lennie and Steinbeck uses them to express the longing for freedom. George is a victim of suffering in many ways. He suffers because he is bound to Lennie and must look after him. Although at points in the book, George expresses regret about having Lennie; he will not let him go for fear of being alone. George would rather look after Lennie than be on his own. â€Å"‘Cause I want you to stay with me. † George experiences the loss of jobs and therefore the loss of money through the Great Depression and also Lennie’s naivety, which often causes trouble for the pair, especially when coupled with Lennie’s strength. Reasons, for which, the pair was forced to run away from jobs in Weed. This, in turn, makes their lives harder as they struggle to stay financially stable and to find a place in which to live in relative comfort. George also suffers the loss of a dream. For a time, George has envisioned a house of his own in which he lives with Lennie. It has become a reassurance for the men, that everything will turn out right and that they should keep hope. It is the opposite of their suffering. â€Å"We’re gonna have a little house†¦ † When George shoots Lennie all of this becomes false. There is no longer a sanctuary for the men because without Lennie the microcosm, their microcosm, of the American Dream cannot, and will not, come to fruition. This is where George experiences the mental anguish and suffering at losing both his best friend and his hopes for the future. Psychologically the suffering overwhelms anything that George has felt before and Steinbeck shows us the fragility of life and the unpredictability of the ranch. For Lennie, the suffering is that of a different kind. Due to his mental disabilities, he isn’t affected by a fear of loneliness as the others are. To him, George will always be there. This does not mean that he feels no suffering throughout the story; in fact he perhaps suffers the most without realising it. Lennie is angry and scared when Crooks suggests that George might not come back. This is where Lennie suffers the most, he is victimised by Crooks and he doesn’t know what to do. Crooks chooses Lennie to attack because he cannot do it to anyone else. In this there is a certain irony, as it is Lennie’s innocence and naivety which lend themselves to Crooks in bullying him. â€Å"S’pose he gets killed or hurt so he can’t come back. † Lennie shares the same ideals as George, especially that of the dream home they could have. In Lennie’s case, he is more preoccupied with tending the rabbits than what the benefits of not working could bring him. â€Å"How I get to tend the rabbits. † Lennie suffers as a child suffers; this is because, mentally, he is a child, despite the fact that he is physically a grown man. We see evidence of this child-like suffering when he blames himself for what has happened to their jobs, when he hallucinates by the brush. â€Å"You do bad things† He suffers from grief when he kills his mouse and his pup by accident and he also suffers at the hands of Curley, although he fights back, he still feels scared and vulnerable, as a child would. George is the one who tells him what he should do. â€Å"Get ‘im Lennie!†¦.. I said get him. † It is easy to assume that George uses Lennie for his own ends but, as we see in the story, this is not true. In fact when it comes to the ultimate suffering, Lennie’s death, George makes it more bearable for Lennie and shoots him with mercy. Steinbeck is trying to show that although ranch life was full of suffering, there were cases where true friendships/relationships might occur. However, Steinbeck also uses Lennie’s death to mean that hardly anything survived life on the ranch, whether it were friendships or people themselves. Slim and Carlson do not have their own cases of suffering, instead they symbolise the average ranch workers’ life. They suffer from low pay, poor quality of life and loneliness. The hardships of the ranches are shown in Carlson especially, as he has no feelings for Candy’s dog or Candy, only that the dog is making his life worse than it already is. â€Å"God awmighty, that dog stinks. † Although Slim suffers from the same difficulties as Carlson; he reacts in a different way. He is calm and considerate, embodying those who were kinder in the harsh life of the ranch.

How Karl Mark Views Was Influenced By Views Of The...

In order to make a connection of how Karl Mark views, was in some way, influenced by certain views of the Enlightenment. But, first, we need to understand what characteristics we can compare of the two. The idea of Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that took place around the late 17th and 18th centuries. This movement had placed emphasis on progress, social structure, materialism, state and individualism. From class lectures and from the readings of the Communist Manifesto, we can derive the idea that Marx was against social class. With Marx understanding the dire need of reform within the social structure, he believed in a form of equality for all, stating that not one person would be higher than the other. He, along with other†¦show more content†¦It was the idea that you are literally taking the lower class of people, the people who are non-land owner, who have no wealth, and now could have a say in government affairs, in comparison to those who do have the wealth and are landowners. This idea is now providing the lower class people the power of decision-making, the power of influence. This idea of a democratic state was seen as perhaps, the most radical of all thoughts of a state. 3. If we can take Marx’s and Engel’s phrase of â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat,† it can be interpreted as the state’s power is in the control of the working people, not the higher classes. This idea was directed towards having finally separated capitalism and communism. According to spunk, a website I’ve found, it states that it is â€Å" the vehicle of abolishing the state† (spunk.org). The necessity of having the phrase â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat† was to create a progressive life for the workers, an equality way of living and ruling. On the same website it states that the need to create this proletariat-led state, was to â€Å"†¦suppress capitalist resistance, and develop the nationalized means of production as rapidly as possible in order to overcome relative scarcity and shorten the workday, this allowing all workers to participate in the affairs of society† (Spunk.org). 4. The Marxist concept of â€Å"withering away of the state,† is in reference to the idea of known social institutions of the state that will

Money Market Instruments Available In Us And India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1500 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Treasury Bills, are a type of money market instruments available in both US and India. These are the zero coupon bond and doesnt pay any coupon. Thats why these are generally issued at discount and on maturity redeemed at the face value. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Money Market Instruments Available In Us And India Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In India, also called as Government Instruments (G-secs), it is issued by RBI and are backed by Government of India. These are short term debt instruments as the tenure of currently issued T bills is of 3 types: 91 day (3 months), 182 day (6 months) and 364 day (1year). For example, a 91 day Treasury Bill of Rs.100/- (face value) may be issued at a discount of say, Rs.1.80, that is Rs.98.20 and redeemed at the face value of Rs.100/-. The investors will get a return equal to difference between the maturity value or face value (i.e., Rs.100) and the issue price. Treasury Bills are issued through auctions conducted by the Reserve Bank of India usually every Wednesday and payments for the Treasury Bills purchased have to be made on the following Friday. The Treasury Bills of 182 days and 364 days tenure are issued on alternate Wednesdays, that is, Treasury Bills of 364 day tenure are issued on the Wednesday preceding the reporting Friday while Treasury Bills of 182 days tenure are iss ued on the Wednesday prior to a non-reporting Friday. Currently, the notified amount for issuance of 91 day and 182 day Treasury Bills is Rs.500 crore each whereas the notified amount for issuance of 364 day Bill is higher at Rs.1000 crore. Government, at its discretion, can also decide to issue additional amounts of the Treasury Bills by giving prior notice. An annual calendar of T-Bill issuances for the following financial year is released by the Reserve Bank 8 of India in the last week of March. The Reserve Bank of India also announces the issue details of Treasury bills by way of press release every week. In US it is issued by Fed and is backed by US government. Tenure of US T-bills is 4 weeks, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, or 52 weeks. Generally these are issued in the denomination of USD 1000 and are issued at discount since these are zero coupon bonds. Dated Government Instruments are the Instruments which are longer in term than the T bills. These Instruments pay interest at fix ed time periods (usually half yearly) called coupon on the face value and this can be either fixed or floating coupon. The tenor of these Instruments can be up to 30 years. In India, the Public Debt Office (PDO) of the RBI acts as the registry / depository of Government Instruments. This office takes care of all the dealings for these Instruments like issue, interest payment and repayment of principal at maturity. We generally have fixed coupon Instruments. The nomenclature of a typical dated fixed coupon Government security has the following features coupon, name of the issuer, maturity and face value. e.g. If the bond is called 7.49% GOI 2017 then it would have these features. Date of Issue : April 16, 2007 Date of Maturity : April 16, 2017 Coupon : 7.49% paid on face value Coupon Payment Dates : Half-yearly (October16 and April 16) every year Minimum Amount of issue/ sale : Rs.10,000 Same as the case with Treasury Bills, dated Instruments of both Gover nment of India and State Governments are issued by RBI through auctions. The Auctions are announced by the RBI a week in advance through Press Releases and paid advertisements in major dailies (for dated Instruments). Hence the investors get adequate time in order to plan for the purchase of government Instruments through such auctions Types of Dated Instruments Fixed Rate Bonds As the name suggests the interest rate i.e. cupon rate is fixed on these bonds for the entire life of the bond. As already told, In india, most Government bonds are issued as fixed rate bonds. e.g. Lets say RBI issue 8.24%GS2018 on April 22, 2008 and the tenor of the bind is 10 years maturing on April 22, 2018. Coupon on this security will be paid half-yearly at 4.12% (as the 8.24% is the total coupon and hence the half yearly payment being the half of it) of the face value and it will be paid on October 22 and April 22 of each year. Floating Rate Bonds As the name suggest these bonds dont have a fixed coupon rate and the coupon is re-set at pre-announced intervals based on a specified methodology. In these bonds the coupon of the bond is re-set at regular intervals and these interval are defined beforehand while issuing the security. The rate is generally calculated by adding a spread over a base rate. In India, most floating rate bonds issued by the GOI, the base rate is the weighted average cutoff yields of the last three 364 day Treasury Bill auction preceding the coupon re-set date. Floating Rate Bonds were first issued in September 1995 in India. For example, a Floating Rate Bond was issued on July 2, 2002 for a tenor of 15 years, maturing on July 2, 2017. The base rate on the bond for the coupon payments was fixed at 6.50% being the weighted average rate of implicit yield on 364 day Treasury Bills during the preceding six auctions. Further, in the bond auction, a cut-off spread (markup over the benchmark rate) of 34 basis points (0.34%) was decided. Hence the coupon for the first six months was fixed at 6.84%. At the next reset date after six months, assuming that the average cutoff yield in the preceding six auctions of 364 day Treasury Bill is 6.60%, coupon applicable for the next half year would be 6.94%. Zero Coupon Bonds Zero coupon bonds are bonds with no coupon payments. Like Treasury Bills, they are issued at a discount to face value. Such Instruments were issued by the Government of India in the 1990s, but no issue was made thereafter. Capital Indexed Bonds These are bonds, the principal of which is linked to an accepted index of inflation with a view to protecting the holder from inflation. A capital indexed bond, with the principal hedged against inflation, was issued in December 1997. These bonds matured in 2002. Steps are now being taken to revive the issuance of the Inflation Indexed Bonds wherein payment of both the coupon and principal payments on the bonds will be linked to an Inflation Index (Wholesale Price In dex). Bonds with Call/ Put Options Bonds can also be issued with features of optionality wherein the issuer can have the option to buyback (call option) or the investor can have the option to sell the bond (put option) to the issuer during the currency of the bond. A bond (viz., 6.72%GS2012) with call / put option was issued in India in the year 2002 which will mature in 2012. 6.72%GS2012 was issued on July 18, 2002 for a maturity of 10 years maturing on July 18, 2012. The optionality on the bond could be exercised after completion of five years tenure from the date of issuance on any coupon date falling thereafter. The Government has the right to buyback the bond (call option) at par value (equal to the face value) while the investor has the right to sell the bond (put option) to the Government at par value at the time of any of the half-yearly coupon dates starting from July 18, 2007. Special Instruments In addition to Treasury Bills and dated Instruments issued by the Gov ernment of India under the market borrowing programme, the Government of India also issues, from time to time, special Instruments to entities like Oil Marketing Companies, Fertilizer Companies, the Food Corporation of India, etc. as compensation to these companies in lieu of cash subsidies. These Instruments are usually long dated Instruments carrying coupon with a spread of about 20-25 basis points over the yield of the dated Instruments of comparable maturity.These Instruments are, however, not eligible SLR Instruments but are approved Instruments and are eligible as collateral for market repo transactions. The beneficiary oil marketing companies may divest these 11 Instruments in the secondary market to banks, insurance companies / Primary Dealers, etc., for raising cash. Steps are being taken to introduce new types of instruments like STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Instruments). STRIPS are instruments wherein each cash flow of the fixed coup on security is converted into a separate tradable Zero Coupon Bond and traded. For example, when Rs.100 of the 8.24%GS2018 is stripped, each cash flow of coupon (Rs.4.12 each half year) will become coupon STRIP and the principal payment (Rs.100 at maturity) will become a principal STRIP. These cash flows are traded separately as independent Instruments in the secondary market. State Development Loans (SDLs) State Governments also raise loans from the market. SDLs are dated Instruments issued through an auction similar to the auctions conducted for dated Instruments issued by the Central Government (see question 3 below). Interest is serviced at half-yearly intervals and the principal is repaid on the maturity date. Like dated Instruments issued by the Central Government, SDLs issued by the State Governments qualify for SLR. They are also eligible as collaterals for borrowing through market repo as well as borrowing by eligible entities from the RBI under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF).